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The Reformation was a significant movement in Europe during the 16th century that resulted in the division of Christianity and the establishment of new Protestant denominations. It was sparked by a variety of factors, including corruption within the Catholic Church, political tensions, and the spread of humanist ideas.One of the key figures of the Reformation was Martin Luther, a German monk who famously nailed his 95 Theses to the door of a church in Wittenberg in 1517. These Theses criticized various practices and teachings of the Catholic Church, such as indulgences (the sale of forgiveness for sins) and emphasized personal faith and salvation through grace alone.Luther's ideas spread rapidly throughout Europe due to Gutenberg's printing press, which enabled mass production and distribution of his writings. Other reformers such as John Calvin in Switzerland and Huldrych Zwingli in Germany also emerged during this time, each contributing to different aspects of Protestant theology.The Reformation had far-reaching consequences for Europe. It led to religious wars such as the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), which devastated large parts of Central Europe. It also resulted in the establishment of new Protestant denominations, including Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglicanism, and Anabaptism.The Catholic Church responded to these challenges with its own Counter-Reformation efforts aimed at addressing issues raised by reformers while reaffirming Catholic doctrine. This led to reforms within the church itself and strengthened its institutions.Overall, the Reformation had a profound impact on European society by challenging traditional religious authority, encouraging individual interpretation of scripture, promoting education among believers, fostering national identities tied to religious affiliation, and laying foundations for modern democratic values.

The main products of the Reformation were religious reforms, changes in the church doctrine, and new religious groups and denominations.